Neurological surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in surgery of the brain, spinal column, and nervous system.

A person may see a neurological surgeon for a problem such as a pinched nerve in the back or neck, a brain tumor, or damage to the brain or spine from an injury. A neurological surgeon may specialize in the treatment of one area of the body, such as the spinal column, or in the treatment of certain age groups. One example is a pediatric neurological surgeon, who only treats children.

Neurological surgeons can be board-certified by the Board of Neurological Surgery, which is recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.